Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, NUTS 1 region and age by country
Countries reporting
45
Highest
26,845 Thousand persons
Germany
Lowest
118.7 Thousand persons
Montenegro
Median
2,045 Thousand persons
Years covered
27
1999–2025
Data points
4,190
What the numbers show
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, NUTS 1 region and age is currently reported for 45 countries. The highest value is 26,845 Thousand persons in Germany; the lowest is 118.7 Thousand persons in Montenegro.
The median across all reporting countries is 2,045 Thousand persons, and the mean is 4,812 Thousand persons.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 226.
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category … 1 age: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 26,845 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 21.0% | rising |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 21,623 Thousand persons | 2019 | up 45.7% | rising |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 21,623 Thousand persons | 2019 | up 45.7% | rising |
| 4 | France | 21,189 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 5 | Türkiye | 15,275 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 72.8% | rising |
| 6 | Spain | 14,611 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 30.4% | rising |
| 7 | Italy | 11,460 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 8 | Poland | 10,241 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 8 | Poland | 10,241 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 10 | Netherlands | 6,803 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 38.5% | rising |
| 10 | Netherlands | 6,803 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 38.5% | rising |
| 12 | Sweden | 3,915 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 25.7% | rising |
| 13 | Belgium | 3,883 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 30.7% | rising |
| 14 | Switzerland | 3,292 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 19.7% | rising |
| 15 | Austria | 2,947 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 23.0% | rising |
| 16 | Romania | 2,784 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 6.0% | rising |
| 17 | Portugal | 2,730 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 41.8% | rising |
| 18 | Czechia | 2,689 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 17.8% | rising |
| 19 | Greece | 2,462 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 18.6% | rising |
| 20 | Hungary | 2,447 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 21 | Ireland | 2,099 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 53.9% | rising |
| 22 | Norway | 2,046 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 20.1% | rising |
| 23 | Denmark | 2,045 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 24.3% | rising |
| 24 | Finland | 1,775 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 25 | Bulgaria | 1,623 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 11.6% | rising |
| 26 | Serbia | 1,451 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 27 | Slovakia | 1,373 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 28.4% | rising |
| 27 | Slovakia | 1,373 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 28.4% | rising |
| 29 | Lithuania | 1,027 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 30.9% | rising |
| 29 | Lithuania | 1,027 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 30.9% | rising |
| 31 | Croatia | 912.7 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 17.4% | rising |
| 31 | Croatia | 912.7 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 17.4% | rising |
| 33 | Slovenia | 564.4 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 33 | Slovenia | 564.4 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 35 | Latvia | 538.6 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 35 | Latvia | 538.6 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 37 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 504.5 Thousand persons | 2025 | — | rising |
| 38 | Estonia | 444 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 19.5% | rising |
| 38 | Estonia | 444 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 19.5% | rising |
| 40 | North Macedonia | 350.2 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 13.7% | rising |
| 41 | Cyprus | 348.7 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 49.7% | rising |
| 42 | Luxembourg | 282.6 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 57.3% | rising |
| 43 | Malta | 184.8 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 105.3% | rising |
| 44 | Iceland | 139.9 Thousand persons | 2025 | up 44.1% | rising |
| 45 | Montenegro | 118.7 Thousand persons | 2020 | up 19.2% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 128,224 Thousand persons
- Euro area – 21 countries (from 2026) 104,103 Thousand persons
- Nordrhein-Westfalen 5,545 Thousand persons
- Ile de France 5,056 Thousand persons
- Bayern 4,518 Thousand persons
- Este 4,504 Thousand persons
- London (NUTS 2021) 3,897 Thousand persons
- Baden-Württemberg 3,788 Thousand persons
- İstanbul 3,620 Thousand persons
- West-Nederland 3,484 Thousand persons
- Nord-Ovest 3,369 Thousand persons
- Schweiz/Suisse/Svizzera 3,292 Thousand persons
- South East (UK) (NUTS 2021) 3,274 Thousand persons
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2,718 Thousand persons
- Česko 2,689 Thousand persons
- Sur 2,655 Thousand persons
- Continente 2,638 Thousand persons
- Centro (IT) 2,570 Thousand persons
- Comunidad de Madrid 2,556 Thousand persons
- Nord-Est 2,465 Thousand persons
- Niedersachsen 2,447 Thousand persons
- Vlaams Gewest 2,267 Thousand persons
- North West (UK) (NUTS 2021) 2,161 Thousand persons
- Makroregion południowy 2,132 Thousand persons
- Sud 2,123 Thousand persons
- Ege 2,107 Thousand persons
- Norge 2,046 Thousand persons
- Danmark 2,045 Thousand persons
- Hessen 2,033 Thousand persons
- Occitanie 1,989 Thousand persons
- Makroregion województwo mazowieckie 1,988 Thousand persons
- Scotland (NUTS 2021) 1,950 Thousand persons
- Batı Anadolu 1,942 Thousand persons
- East of England (NUTS 2021) 1,908 Thousand persons
- Akdeniz 1,847 Thousand persons
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1,823 Thousand persons
- Manner-Suomi 1,766 Thousand persons
- South West (UK) (NUTS 2021) 1,746 Thousand persons
- Östra Sverige 1,721 Thousand persons
- West Midlands (UK) (NUTS 2021) 1,663 Thousand persons