{"entity":{"iso2":"FR","iso3":"FRA","name":"France","slug":"france"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":2.23224},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":2.15216},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":2.10343},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":2.1165},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":2.10066},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":2.1494},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":2.18758},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":2.13086},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":2.10438},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":2.05599},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":2.05331},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":2.02815},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":2.06363},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":2.21273},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":2.17771},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":2.18761},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":2.22761},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":2.23369},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":2.27173},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":2.22401},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":2.22468},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":2.20422},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":2.20407},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":2.19668},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":2.2742},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":2.21278},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":2.21937},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":2.17832}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":2.17832,"max":2.2742,"mean":2.16885,"min":2.02815,"of":116,"rank":16,"trend":"rising"}}