{"entity":{"iso2":"IT","iso3":"ITA","name":"Italy","slug":"italy"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":0.94421},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.98522},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":1.00275},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":0.97865},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":1.00104},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":1.03714},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":1.07704},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":1.05539},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":1.04662},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":1.04057},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":1.07903},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":1.12421},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":1.15548},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":1.21261},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":1.21296},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":1.19531},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":1.25559},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":1.29425},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":1.33148},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":1.33213},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":1.35915},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":1.36393},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":1.41934},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":1.45558},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":1.49869},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":1.41065},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":1.36563},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":1.37935}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":1.37935,"max":1.49869,"mean":1.2005,"min":0.94421,"of":116,"rank":33,"trend":"rising"}}