{"entity":{"iso2":"JP","iso3":"JPN","name":"Japan","slug":"japan"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":2.64303},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":2.72177},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":2.82745},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":2.84672},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":2.85841},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":2.92348},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":2.96514},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":2.99319},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":2.98125},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":3.13092},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":3.22766},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":3.29257},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":3.29224},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":3.1959},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":3.10495},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":3.20537},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":3.1737},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":3.27895},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":3.36788},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":3.24071},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":3.10665},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":3.16636},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":3.2192},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":3.21824},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":3.26556},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":3.27383},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":3.40053},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":3.44125}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":3.44125,"max":3.44125,"mean":3.1201,"min":2.64303,"of":116,"rank":5,"trend":"rising"}}