{"entity":{"iso2":"PK","iso3":"PAK","name":"Pakistan","slug":"pakistan"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.15565},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":0.10919},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":0.1159},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":0.09536},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.12408},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.16228},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.32946},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.52343},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.40218},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.30491},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.26179},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.22193},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.21214},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.17475},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.16431},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.16399}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":0.16399,"max":0.52343,"mean":0.220084,"min":0.09536,"of":116,"rank":94,"trend":"volatile"}}