{"entity":{"iso2":"PA","iso3":"PAN","name":"Panama","slug":"panama"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":0.33279},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.3175},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":0.28281},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":0.283},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":0.37287},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.36808},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.34737},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.32323},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.22516},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.22835},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":0.22884},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.1782},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.18646},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.12889},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":0.14075},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.16818},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.07323},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.06028},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.11935},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.10422},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.12829},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.13083},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.13355},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.13613},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.23246},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.17691},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.18302},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.15803},{"date":"2024-01-01","value":0.19708}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2024-01-01","latest_value":0.19708,"max":0.37287,"mean":0.20503,"min":0.06028,"of":116,"rank":92,"trend":"falling"}}