{"entity":{"iso2":"ZA","iso3":"ZAF","name":"South Africa","slug":"south-africa"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.52694},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.64224},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.6765},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.72681},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.77024},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":0.80291},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.79364},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.80567},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.74993},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":0.66284},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.66753},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.66934},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.6633},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.70987},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.73147},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.74992},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.76257},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.68586},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.61304},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.60296},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.6139},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.61479}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2022-01-01","latest_value":0.61479,"max":0.80567,"mean":0.69283,"min":0.52694,"of":116,"rank":56,"trend":"falling"}}