{"entity":{"iso2":"TR","iso3":"TUR","name":"Turkey","slug":"turkiye"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":0.45159},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.49168},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":0.36198},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":0.45557},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":0.46558},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":0.52247},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.50904},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.46532},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.49713},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.56381},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":0.55292},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":0.68616},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.68741},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":0.80363},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":0.79369},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":0.79393},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":0.82595},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":0.81206},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":0.8564},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.96732},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":1.11979},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":1.17632},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":1.27093},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":1.3196},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":1.36748},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":1.40209},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":1.32342},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":1.42224}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":1.42224,"max":1.42224,"mean":0.820197,"min":0.36198,"of":116,"rank":31,"trend":"rising"}}