{"entity":{"iso2":"TM","iso3":"TKM","name":"Turkmenistan","slug":"turkmenistan"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"2015-01-01","value":0.11},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":0.16},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":0.09},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":0.08},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":0.11},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":0.13},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":0.1},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":0.14},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":0.09}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":0.09,"max":0.16,"mean":0.112222,"min":0.08,"of":116,"rank":104,"trend":"falling"}}