{"entity":{"iso2":"UK","iso3":"GBR","name":"United Kingdom","slug":"united-kingdom"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":1.5754},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":1.53729},{"date":"1998-01-01","value":1.54777},{"date":"1999-01-01","value":1.62268},{"date":"2000-01-01","value":1.60963},{"date":"2001-01-01","value":1.59544},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":1.61383},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":1.58131},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":1.53089},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":1.55004},{"date":"2006-01-01","value":1.57625},{"date":"2007-01-01","value":1.6183},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":1.60901},{"date":"2009-01-01","value":1.66991},{"date":"2010-01-01","value":1.63887},{"date":"2011-01-01","value":1.64681},{"date":"2012-01-01","value":1.57587},{"date":"2013-01-01","value":1.62096},{"date":"2014-01-01","value":2.26488},{"date":"2015-01-01","value":2.27566},{"date":"2016-01-01","value":2.32051},{"date":"2017-01-01","value":2.32602},{"date":"2018-01-01","value":2.70889},{"date":"2019-01-01","value":2.6707},{"date":"2020-01-01","value":2.93993},{"date":"2021-01-01","value":2.89968},{"date":"2022-01-01","value":2.75224},{"date":"2023-01-01","value":2.67614}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2023-01-01","latest_value":2.67614,"max":2.93993,"mean":1.94839,"min":1.53089,"of":116,"rank":12,"trend":"rising"}}