{"entity":{"iso2":"ZM","iso3":"ZMB","name":"Zambia","slug":"zambia"},"indicator":{"licence":"CC BY 4.0 (Our World in Data)","slug":"research-spending-gdp","source":"UNESCO UIS Stat Bulk Data Download Service, via World Bank (2026) \u2013 processed by Our World in Data","source_url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp","title":"Research & development spending as a share of GDP","unit":"% of GDP"},"observations":[{"date":"1996-01-01","value":0.01104},{"date":"1997-01-01","value":0.00737},{"date":"2002-01-01","value":0.00544},{"date":"2003-01-01","value":0.00847},{"date":"2004-01-01","value":0.02223},{"date":"2005-01-01","value":0.02493},{"date":"2008-01-01","value":0.27819}],"summary":{"latest_period":"2008-01-01","latest_value":0.27819,"max":0.27819,"mean":0.0510957,"min":0.00544,"of":116,"rank":79,"trend":"volatile"}}