Lower middle income vs Poland: Research and development expenditure
Research and development expenditure over time
- Lower middle income
- Poland
How they compare
Poland currently reports 1.6% against 0.5% in Lower middle income, a difference of 1.1%.
That makes Poland's figure about 2.8 times Lower middle income's.
The two have swapped places 1 time across 7 shared years of data; in 2005 it was Lower middle income ahead.
Lower middle income ranks 27th and Poland ranks 26th of 29 groups.
Across the 2 decades both report, Lower middle income averaged higher in 1 and Poland in 1.
Head to head by decade
| Decade | Lower middle income | Poland | Difference | Ahead |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000s | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.0% | Lower middle income |
| 2010s | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.4% | Poland |
Averages of every year both report within each decade.
Frequently asked questions
- Which has higher research and development expenditure, Lower middle income or Poland?
- Poland, at 1.6% against 0.5% in Lower middle income as of 2023.
- What is the difference in research and development expenditure between Lower middle income and Poland?
- 1.1%, with Poland ahead.
- How many years of comparable data are there for Lower middle income and Poland?
- 7 years are reported by both, from 2005 to 2019.
- How do Lower middle income and Poland rank globally for research and development expenditure?
- Lower middle income ranks 27th and Poland ranks 26th of 29 groups.
- Where does this data come from?
- Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), published as Research and development expenditure (% of GDP). Statizoid refreshes it automatically from the source and publishes the full history for both places.
Individual pages
About this data
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.