Research and development expenditure in Lower middle income
Lower middle income: Research and development expenditure was 0.5% in 2019. ▼ Falling
Research and development expenditure in Lower middle income, 2005–2019
Source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Measured in % of GDP.
Analysis
Lower middle income recorded 0.5% for research and development expenditure in 2019. That is the lowest value across all 7 years on record.
Compared with earlier readings it is down 6.2% on the previous year and down 15.1% over ten years.
Over the whole period, research and development expenditure in Lower middle income peaked at 0.6% in 2009 and was at its lowest, 0.5%, in 2019.
Lower middle income ranks 27th of 29 groups on this measure, in the bottom quarter.
Research and development expenditure in Lower middle income, year by year
| Year | % of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 0.6% | — |
| 2007 | 0.6% | -10.3% |
| 2009 | 0.6% | +13.1% |
| 2010 | 0.6% | -2.9% |
| 2011 | 0.6% | -3.1% |
| 2017 | 0.6% | -3.7% |
| 2019 | 0.5% | -6.2% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000s | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 3 |
| 2010s | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 4 |
Countries ranked near Lower middle income
More science & technology data for Lower middle income
- Scientific and technical journal articles 327,365 (2023)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, per capita 0.0001 units per person (2023)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, per unit of GDP 0 units per US$ of GDP (2023)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, per square kilometre 0.0173 units per square kilometre (2023)
- Digital connectivity composite index -0.8012 standard deviations from the yearly mean (2025)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, annual growth rate 11.6 % change on previous year (2023)
- Patent applications, nonresidents 62,500 (2020)
- Patent applications, residents 42,400 (2020)
Frequently asked questions
- What is research and development expenditure in Lower middle income?
- Research and development expenditure in Lower middle income was 0.5% in 2019, according to Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
- What is the highest research and development expenditure recorded in Lower middle income?
- The highest recorded value was 0.6% in 2009.
- What is the lowest research and development expenditure recorded in Lower middle income?
- The lowest recorded value was 0.5% in 2019.
- How does Lower middle income rank for research and development expenditure?
- Lower middle income ranks 27th out of 29 groups with data for 2019.
- Is research and development expenditure rising or falling in Lower middle income?
- Over the last ten years it is down 15.1%. The long-run trend across the full record is falling.
- Where does this Lower middle income data come from?
- The figures come from Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), published as part of Research and development expenditure (% of GDP). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
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About this data
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.