Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, NUTS 1 region and sex by country
Countries reporting
35
Highest
26,845
Germany
Lowest
118.7
Montenegro
Median
2,046
Years covered
27
1999–2025
Data points
3,956
What the numbers show
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, NUTS 1 region and sex is currently reported for 35 countries. The highest value is 26,845 in Germany; the lowest is 118.7 in Montenegro.
The median across all reporting countries is 2,046, and the mean is 4,507.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 226.
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, NUTS 1: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 26,845 | 2025 | up 21.0% | rising |
| 2 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 21,623 | 2019 | up 45.7% | rising |
| 3 | France | 21,189 | 2025 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 4 | Spain | 14,611 | 2025 | up 30.4% | rising |
| 5 | Italy | 11,460 | 2025 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 6 | Poland | 10,241 | 2025 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 7 | Netherlands | 6,803 | 2025 | up 38.5% | rising |
| 8 | Sweden | 3,915 | 2025 | up 25.7% | rising |
| 9 | Belgium | 3,883 | 2025 | up 30.7% | rising |
| 10 | Switzerland | 3,292 | 2025 | up 19.7% | rising |
| 11 | Austria | 2,947 | 2025 | up 23.0% | rising |
| 12 | Romania | 2,784 | 2025 | up 6.0% | rising |
| 13 | Portugal | 2,730 | 2025 | up 41.8% | rising |
| 14 | Czechia | 2,689 | 2025 | up 17.8% | rising |
| 15 | Greece | 2,462 | 2025 | up 18.6% | rising |
| 16 | Hungary | 2,447 | 2025 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 17 | Ireland | 2,099 | 2025 | up 53.9% | rising |
| 18 | Norway | 2,046 | 2025 | up 20.1% | rising |
| 19 | Denmark | 2,045 | 2025 | up 24.3% | rising |
| 20 | Finland | 1,775 | 2025 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 21 | Bulgaria | 1,623 | 2025 | up 11.6% | rising |
| 22 | Serbia | 1,451 | 2025 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 23 | Slovakia | 1,373 | 2025 | up 28.4% | rising |
| 24 | Lithuania | 1,027 | 2025 | up 30.9% | rising |
| 25 | Croatia | 912.7 | 2025 | up 17.4% | rising |
| 26 | Slovenia | 564.4 | 2025 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 27 | Latvia | 538.6 | 2025 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 28 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 504.5 | 2025 | — | rising |
| 29 | Estonia | 444 | 2025 | up 19.5% | rising |
| 30 | North Macedonia | 350.2 | 2025 | up 13.7% | rising |
| 31 | Cyprus | 348.7 | 2025 | up 49.7% | rising |
| 32 | Luxembourg | 275.6 | 2025 | up 53.5% | rising |
| 33 | Malta | 184.8 | 2025 | up 105.3% | rising |
| 34 | Iceland | 139.9 | 2025 | up 44.1% | rising |
| 35 | Montenegro | 118.7 | 2020 | up 19.2% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) 128,217
- Euro area – 21 countries (from 2026) 104,096
- Türkiye 15,275
- Nordrhein-Westfalen 5,545
- Ile de France 5,056
- Bayern 4,518
- Este 4,504
- London (NUTS 2021) 3,897
- Baden-Württemberg 3,788
- İstanbul 3,620
- West-Nederland 3,484
- Nord-Ovest 3,369
- Schweiz/Suisse/Svizzera 3,292
- South East (UK) (NUTS 2021) 3,274
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 2,718
- Česko 2,689
- Sur 2,655
- Continente 2,638
- Centro (IT) 2,570
- Comunidad de Madrid 2,556
- Nord-Est 2,465
- Niedersachsen 2,447
- Vlaams Gewest 2,267
- North West (UK) (NUTS 2021) 2,161
- Makroregion południowy 2,132
- Sud 2,123
- Ege 2,107
- Norge 2,046
- Danmark 2,045
- Hessen 2,033
- Occitanie 1,989
- Makroregion województwo mazowieckie 1,988
- Scotland (NUTS 2021) 1,950
- Batı Anadolu 1,942
- East of England (NUTS 2021) 1,908
- Akdeniz 1,847
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine 1,823
- Manner-Suomi 1,766
- South West (UK) (NUTS 2021) 1,746
- Östra Sverige 1,721