Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, sex and age by country
Countries reporting
35
Highest
26,845
Germany
Lowest
118.7
Montenegro
Median
2,046
Years covered
32
1994–2025
Data points
1,044
What the numbers show
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, sex and age is currently reported for 35 countries. The highest value is 26,845 in Germany; the lowest is 118.7 in Montenegro.
The median across all reporting countries is 2,046, and the mean is 4,507.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 226.
Human resources in science and technology (HRST) by category, sex and: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 26,845 | 2025 | up 21.0% | rising |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 21,623 | 2019 | up 45.7% | rising |
| 3 | France | 21,189 | 2025 | up 25.1% | rising |
| 4 | Spain | 14,611 | 2025 | up 30.4% | rising |
| 5 | Italy | 11,460 | 2025 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 6 | Poland | 10,241 | 2025 | up 27.4% | rising |
| 7 | Netherlands | 6,803 | 2025 | up 38.5% | rising |
| 8 | Sweden | 3,915 | 2025 | up 25.7% | rising |
| 9 | Belgium | 3,883 | 2025 | up 30.7% | rising |
| 10 | Switzerland | 3,292 | 2025 | up 19.7% | rising |
| 11 | Austria | 2,947 | 2025 | up 23.0% | rising |
| 12 | Romania | 2,784 | 2025 | up 6.0% | rising |
| 13 | Portugal | 2,730 | 2025 | up 41.8% | rising |
| 14 | Czechia | 2,689 | 2025 | up 17.8% | rising |
| 15 | Greece | 2,462 | 2025 | up 18.6% | rising |
| 16 | Hungary | 2,447 | 2025 | up 25.0% | rising |
| 17 | Ireland | 2,099 | 2025 | up 53.9% | rising |
| 18 | Norway | 2,046 | 2025 | up 20.1% | rising |
| 19 | Denmark | 2,045 | 2025 | up 24.3% | rising |
| 20 | Finland | 1,775 | 2025 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 21 | Bulgaria | 1,623 | 2025 | up 11.6% | rising |
| 22 | Serbia | 1,451 | 2025 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 23 | Slovak Republic | 1,373 | 2025 | up 28.4% | rising |
| 24 | Lithuania | 1,027 | 2025 | up 30.9% | rising |
| 25 | Croatia | 912.7 | 2025 | up 17.4% | rising |
| 26 | Slovenia | 564.4 | 2025 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 27 | Latvia | 538.6 | 2025 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 28 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 504.5 | 2025 | — | rising |
| 29 | Estonia | 444 | 2025 | up 19.5% | rising |
| 30 | North Macedonia | 350.2 | 2025 | up 13.7% | rising |
| 31 | Cyprus | 348.7 | 2025 | up 49.7% | rising |
| 32 | Luxembourg | 275.6 | 2025 | up 53.5% | rising |
| 33 | Malta | 184.8 | 2025 | up 105.3% | rising |
| 34 | Iceland | 139.9 | 2025 | up 44.1% | rising |
| 35 | Montenegro | 118.7 | 2020 | up 19.2% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Türkiye 15,275