Research and development expenditure in High income
High income: Research and development expenditure was 2.9% in 2023. ▲ Rising
Research and development expenditure in High income, 1996–2023
Source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Measured in % of GDP.
Analysis
High income recorded 2.9% for research and development expenditure in 2023. That is the highest value across all 28 years on record.
That represents a change of up 1.2% on the previous year and up 24.0% over ten years.
Over the whole period, research and development expenditure in High income peaked at 2.9% in 2023 and was at its lowest, 2.1%, in 1996.
High income ranks 4th of 29 groups on this measure, in the top quarter.
The long-run direction has been consistently rising across the 28 years of available data.
Research and development expenditure in High income, year by year
| Year | % of GDP | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 2.1% | — |
| 1997 | 2.2% | +1.3% |
| 1998 | 2.2% | +0.2% |
| 1999 | 2.2% | +3.4% |
| 2000 | 2.3% | +2.6% |
| 2001 | 2.3% | +1.4% |
| 2002 | 2.3% | -2.5% |
| 2003 | 2.2% | -1.3% |
| 2004 | 2.2% | -2.5% |
| 2005 | 2.2% | +0.3% |
| 2006 | 2.2% | +0.9% |
| 2007 | 2.2% | -0.2% |
| 2008 | 2.3% | +2.9% |
| 2009 | 2.3% | +3.4% |
| 2010 | 2.3% | -1.2% |
| 2011 | 2.3% | -0.4% |
| 2012 | 2.3% | +0.8% |
| 2013 | 2.3% | -0.3% |
| 2014 | 2.4% | +4.1% |
| 2015 | 2.4% | +1.4% |
| 2016 | 2.5% | +2.3% |
| 2017 | 2.5% | +1.2% |
| 2018 | 2.6% | +2.9% |
| 2019 | 2.7% | +3.1% |
| 2020 | 2.9% | +6.5% |
| 2021 | 2.8% | -1.7% |
| 2022 | 2.8% | +1.1% |
| 2023 | 2.9% | +1.2% |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990s | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 4 |
| 2000s | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 10 |
| 2010s | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 10 |
| 2020s | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 4 |
Countries ranked near High income
More science & technology data for High income
- Scientific and technical journal articles 1.62 million (2023)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, per capita 0.0011 units per person (2023)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, per unit of GDP 0 units per US$ of GDP (2023)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, per square kilometre 0.0313 units per square kilometre (2023)
- Digital connectivity composite index 1.62 standard deviations from the yearly mean (2025)
- Scientific and technical journal articles, annual growth rate -2.58 % change on previous year (2023)
- Patent applications, nonresidents 682,500 (2020)
- Patent applications, residents 870,300 (2020)
- Researchers in R&D 4,607 per million people (2022)
Frequently asked questions
- What is research and development expenditure in High income?
- Research and development expenditure in High income was 2.9% in 2023, according to Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
- What is the highest research and development expenditure recorded in High income?
- The highest recorded value was 2.9% in 2023.
- What is the lowest research and development expenditure recorded in High income?
- The lowest recorded value was 2.1% in 1996.
- How does High income rank for research and development expenditure?
- High income ranks 4th out of 29 groups with data for 2023.
- Is research and development expenditure rising or falling in High income?
- Over the last ten years it is up 24.0%. The long-run trend across the full record is rising.
- Where does this High income data come from?
- The figures come from Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), published as part of Research and development expenditure (% of GDP). Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 28 observations, free to reuse under CC BY 4.0 (World Bank Open Data).
About this data
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.